Dual row retaining walls in dry sand: influence of wall stiffness on seismic response

Dual row retaining walls can form efficient port and embankment structures, or even be used as coastal defence against tsunamis. The system of parallel sheet pile have a large lateral capacity within serviceability limit states due to the combined strength stiffness confined soil. Optimising design by reducing wall section ensuring greater utilisation soil has economic environmental benefits but requires deeper understanding dynamic soil–structure interaction. Centrifuge modelling numerical are elucidate mechanics two systems with relatively flexible stiff walls. Considering fraction wall’s plastic moment mobilised alongside peak deflections illustrates advantages using in these systems. More fundamentally, importance vertical variations both stress strain during horizontal loading is shown. limiting stresses phasing components around better understood considering mobilisation earth pressure coefficients, reinforcing previous work that recommends move away from conventionally defined coefficients.